5 Sources to Get the Latest Essay Topics for Your College Papers in Different Fields

Arguably, one of the most difficult aspects of writing a college paper isn’t the writing of the paper itself, but figuring out what you are going to write about. It’s tough enough to conduct the actual research and writing as well as to come up with an original, groundbreaking topic, too. Luckily, there is a myriad of resources you can reach out to when formulating the best topic for your next college paper. 1. News The news is a great place to come up with good college paper topics. They typically have the best ideas for the latest essay topics, giving you a solid base of information upon which to formulate a research question. News articles or broadcasts typically cover only the most recent events, so you know your topic will be relevant and on-point. Consider reading online or print news articles, watching televised news, or even listening to radio broadcasts from a variety of news outlets. 2. Friends Bounce your ideas off your friends, or just sit and listen to them. Your friends will be a great source of information for a young audience. Ask them what issues worry them most, and how those issues can be addressed. They may come up with brand new ideas that have never before crossed your mind. 3. Family Members Like friends, your family members could provide some great ideas for your next college paper. Unlike your friends, your family members will likely represent a wide variety of age ranges, and as a result, may have differing viewpoints or life experiences that could be useful for a college paper. Interview older family members about historical events, or younger family members about generational differences. You won’t regret the small amount of extra work that will go into creating one of these dynamic college paper topics. 4. Personal Experiences This tip is one with multiple opportunities for exploration. When asked to write a paper based on your own experiences, you might have a hard time recollecting your most influential experiences. However, take some time to sit down and brainstorm. If you like to doodle, sketch out your ideas and see where the images take you. Perhaps you like to be outdoors. Go for an outdoor run, and let the fresh air make some ideas loose. If that doesn’t work, make do with what you have. Look through old pictures, letters, or books, or listen to favorite songs. Sure enough, some memories of personal experiencesand excellent essay topics to go along with those experienceswill soon come to your mind. 5. Web Databases If all else fails, turn to the trusty old Internet. There are countless websites available that can help you come up with relevant, catchy college paper topics. Check out PRoCon.org for polarizing paper topics in a variety of spheres. Still stuck? Consider taking a break from your paper. Work on something else for a while, or go for a walk. Chances are, once you quit perseverating over your research topic, a fabulous idea will just miraculously come to you. Try sitting down and writing whatever comes to your mindjust let the ideas flow! Sure enough, through a combination of these tips and through harnessing the power of your own creative juices, you’ll create a college paper topic that will leave your professors swooning.

Gender Inequality A Hierarchical Structure Of...

Broad Overview of Gender Gender is part of the framework of the institutional framework of society. Gender is a hierarchical structure of opportunity and oppression as well as a structure of identity and cohesion. Gender is a socially constructed experience. It is a learned identity. (Zinn Eitzen, 1993) Gender inequality defined Gender inequality, in my opinion, is the unequal, unfair and biased treatment of both sexes. According to Ferree,1991:107 â€Å"Gender inequality is a widespread problem in society. It can be found in many sub-systems in the world. In order to be able to identify gender inequality, it is important to understand what it is in order to identify as well as attempt to correct it.† (Zinn Eitzen, 1993) â€Å"Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles. [1] Gender systems are often dichotomous and hierarchical; gender binary systems may reflect the inequalities that manifest in numerous dimensions of daily life. Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or socially constructed. (On differences between the sexes, see Sex and psychology.)† (Wikipedia, 2016) â€Å"South Africa has made great strides in gender equality and is a model to other countries – yet gender inequality continues to impede its efforts to build social cohesion.† (Achieving gender equality., 2013) Specific issue/problem addressed The problem issueShow MoreRelatedSocial Stratification1349 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Social Stratification: Impacting Positions in Society Social stratification is vertical hierarchical arrangement which differentiate people as superior or inferior. Societies are stratified in three ways which are,1) Social Class; 2) Racial and Ethnic stratification; and 3) Gender. 1) Social Class: According to Karl Marx, Class society is based around a primary line of division between two antagonistic classes, those who owns the means of production and those who do not own. Comer addedRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Conflict Theory1633 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of life in a society: organized group membership, interaction, and conflict. Out of all three of these, conflict seems to be the most straight-forward. Every person has experienced conflict in life. The main focus of this theory is how power structures and power disparities impact people’s lives (The Catholic University of America,  2008). Conflict theory according to Crossman (2013) emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. This is derived from the works of Karl MarxRead More The Colliding Dynamics of Class Structure Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe rigidity of class structure is the culprit for the vast number of inequities in society. Power is concentrated in the hands of a small sector; leaving a few individuals to have more authority and influence, in comparison to others. The construction of class structure identifies the way groups are divided into social positions. Differences stemming from social position are further exemplified by the accessibility to valuable resources–such as wealth, education, occupation, and status. Those withRead MoreAnalysis Of I Love Lucy 1118 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience is persuaded and made to think that women are not smart. The representation for the role of genders can also be seen though Ricky since he represents the predominant. It can be said that the domestic ideology of the postwar period contributed to the future of an American culture that can be seen in present time. Introduction of Feminist Perspectives Feminist Perspectives Is to focus on the gender roles and rules for men and women in our society. Also dominant ideology privileges of men and theRead MoreMarxism and Class, Gender and Race: Rethinking the Trilogy5203 Words   |  21 PagesMARXISM AND CLASS, GENDER AND RACE: RETHINKING THE TRILOGY Published (2001) in RACE, GENDER amp; CLASS, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 23-33, special issue on Marxism and Race, Gender amp; Class. It is posted here with permission of Jean Belkhir, Editor Introduction A taken for granted feature of most social science publications today, especially those about inequality, is the ritual critique of Marx and Marxism in the process of introducing theoretical alternatives intended to remedy its alleged failuresRead MoreWomen Of The Female Empowerment Movement2435 Words   |  10 Pagesgaining equal education opportunities through sport such as obtaining a full scholarship. African American females, alike African American men, wished to utilize their athletic abilities also in hopes of securing financial gain, however the social structures of society were blocking and hindering the progress of the female empowerment movement (Goff, 2010). 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One reason is that they have never had the proper instruments and the capability to demonstrate racial oppression. He also mentions how white people have â€Å"white privilege,† a term used to describe the societal benefit of identifying as a white individual. Mzwakali gives many good reasons and provides solid evidence to prove that black people cannot be racistRead MoreThe Global Idea Of Feminism2215 Words   |  9 Pages2014 Worksheet 4 1.) The global idea of feminism refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities, treatment, respect, and social rights. In general, feminists are people who try to acknowledge social inequality based on gender and stop it from continuing. Feminists focus on the fact that in most cultures throughout history men have received more opportunities than women. While the simplified, overall goal of feminism is for the equality of sexes, the tactics and specificRead MoreErnesto Che Guevara, Helder Camara and Bell Hooks on Mussolinis Fascist View1918 Words   |  8 Pagestotalitarian state (Mussolini, 6), and propose ideologies that target an end to limitations in which negate the opportunity for thymotic recognition in individuals. For Camara and Guevara, the poverty based injustices perpetuated globally in underdeveloped nations by world powers is the primary detriment to thymotic recognition (Guevara 1). With Hooks, patriarchal sexism that leads to the oppre ssion of women plays that role. Hooks concludes that, after analyzing the female social status in America, education

Robert J. Sampson s Theories On Urban Neighborhoods And...

Robert J. Sampson is a criminologist, Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences and chair of the sociology department at Harvard University. He focuses heavily on the intersectionalities of race, poverty, age, and broken families in urban neighborhoods throughout his career. Robert emphasis that these intersectionalities are the causation of crime. Sampson is not a personality, biological, or opportunity theorist, but an soc-ecology theorist. He uses his theories that are more in a macro level. Sampson frequently studies the connection between neighborhoods and criminal behavior. He published many articles with many great criminologists, and wrote theories on urban neighborhoods. Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of†¦show more content†¦He realize how important it is to know the psychological aspect of an individual, but felt the obligation to look at the fundamentals of social patterns. In 1977 he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in sociology. He then entered graduate school in SUNY Albany, where he is specifically studying sociology and the roles of society. While doing that he met and work with powerful sociologists. One of the sociologist Travis Hirschi, who help him promote his research on crime from his article Causes of Delinquency. It was his most cited and influential studies of crime, and he became more interested in criminology. Sampson was also introduced to sociologists that made a huge impact on his whole career. The Chicago School of Urban Sociology talked about the rapidly growing population in the early 1900s in Chicago. In that particular time. Sociologist focus on the social criminal behavior can be influenced by urbanization, immigration, and social structures. Sampson said â€Å"One way I look at the city is to try to understand how different social phenomena are clustered in the same places and follow similar patterns over time.† (Profile of Robert J. Sampson) Sampson move to Chicago where he had a faculty teaching position in 1984 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. But in 1991 he went to the University of Chicago, where he develops a project to study the urban neighborhoods in Chicago. Sampson and other researchers created thisShow MoreRelatedPoverty Is Not Only An Individual Problem2983 Words   |  12 PagesPoverty is not only an individual problem, but a societal problem. Harrell R. Rodgers wrote an article, â€Å"Why are People Poor in America?† Rodgers gives two categories of theories that are used when cultural /behavioral or structural/economic. Behavior/culture theorists look at the behavior, culture and values of the poor as the reason for poverty. While structural /ecIn western culture statistics are an excessively used tool in describing social issues. Numbers help explain a situation, butRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MoreEssay on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison12486 Words   |  50 PagesAmerican University or the same criminal behavior, the poor are more likely to be arrested; if arrested, they are more likely to be charged; if charged, more likely to be convicted; if convicted, more likely to be sentenced to prison; and if sentenced, more likely to be given longer prison terms than members of the middle and upper classes.1 In other words, the image of the criminal population one sees in our nation’s jails and prisons is distorted by the shape of the criminal justice system itself. It

The Operations Management Of Cotek Integrated Technologies...

ABSTRACT It is a well-known fact that businesses exist to make profit, cut cost to the barest minimum, and meet the needs of customers and market requirement. A successful business, however, requires good management to achieve all these thereby, putting immense pressure on managers. It is now the responsibilities of managers in every business organisation to harness the resources of the business efficiently and effectively in order to have a good understanding on the needs of customers, the market and to ensure that the objectives of the services offered are in line with the organisation’s goals and values which is where operations management comes into play. Operations management in a nutshell involves the conversion of resources (raw†¦show more content†¦Founded in 2005 in the Federal Capital Territory, the IT Company was established to provide leading edge solutions to businesses and organisations in order to help overcome challenges involved with cost management and security. The organisation as part of its mission to delivering excellent services through superior technology and innovation specialises in Geographic information system (GIS) based application and global positioning system (GPS) vehicle tracking and recovery system. The vehicle tracking system works in a way that a hardware device (product) called Cotrac is installed and placed into a vehicle which then sends and transmits the vehicle’s location to the server and can be assessed through mobile application and via the internet by customers. 2. Operations Management Operations management looks at the operational end of a business in which the transformation of resources (raw materials) are converted into goods and services i.e. inputs becomes outputs while management deals with the planning, monitoring and implementing of the various resources turned into goods and services for continuous improvement (Schonberger Knod 1991). According to (Slack, Chambers Johnston, 2010), â€Å"all operations produce products and services by changing inputs into outputs using an input – transformation - output process†. To have a grasp of this, we look at Cotek Integrated Technologies input transformation

Psychology Essay Critical Evaluation of Machin and Spall (2004) Free Essays

Abstract A critical evaluation of a paper by Machin and Spall which develops a practical model for supporting people suffering from grief and loss through counselling. The model is rooted in a measurement scale, the ‘Adult Attitude to Grief Scale’ which is extended in scope. Machin and Spall’s paper is briefly summarised, then key strengths and weaknesses are highlighted. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Essay: Critical Evaluation of Machin and Spall (2004) or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Introduction The following critically evaluates a paper by Linda Machin and Bob Spall, ‘Mapping grief: a study in practice using a quantitative and qualitative approach to exploring and addressing the range of responses to loss’, published in 2004. The paper will be briefly summarised, bringing out the key features of the study. Then a number of aspects will be considered in more detail with a critical perspective, highlighting strengths and weaknesses of the paper. Overall, this is an interesting study with a useful practical model proposed, but certain areas seem to have been overlooked. 2. Review 2.1 Overview Machin and Spall’s study is an ambitious attempt to further develop a relatively recent scale for measuring grief, the ‘Adult Attitude to Grief Scale’ (AAG). They have a three-fold aim: first to test the scale further, second to extend its use to other forms of loss, and third to map its use as a therapeutic tool. The scale was developed by Machin (2001) and consists of 9 items rated on a five-point Likert scale from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’. The nine items can be grouped into sub-categories indicating whether the grief response is ‘overwhelmed’, ‘controlled’ or ‘balanced’. Initially tested on 94 respondents, the present study tests its use amongst 15 elderly men and women. The scale was extended to reflect losses other than bereavement, themes to develop in further counselling sessions were explored, and a flow-chart introduced to create a link between quantitative and qualitative ele ments. Their study took part in three phases, loosely associated with the three aims outlined above. Phase one gathered quantitative data (age, sex and nature of referral for respondents, and responses to the AAG). Phase two amplified responses from the scale and was linked to individual expressions of grief explored in richer detail in counselling. This phase identified themes in dealing with grief including the role of socialisation and the way other people’s attitudes had an impact. Phase three examined the implications of the previous phases for therapy. In a fairly extended discussion, the authors briefly relate their scale to other work in the field, including theories of grief, and set out a 6-stage model for counselling practice protocol. This is clearly explained, and suggests a practical use for the scale. First, the client completes the AAG. This is then assessed by the therapist with the three groupings (overwhelmed, balanced and controlled) in mind. The data illuminates whether the client is biased towards any one or more of the three grief responses. In stage four, the data extracted is used as a basis for exploring themes in more depth with client, and is followed by looking at the influences of social pressures upon the client’s grief. Finally, there is a move in therapy to help the client establish control or balance. 2.2 Critical Discussion Overall, this study develops an innovative way to use a measurement scale for grief and bereavement. In contrast with many studies looking at measurement scales, the authors are clearly concerned that the scale’s practical use is developed. The way that the model for using the scale is developed by the authors allows a clear plan for helping people deal with grief through counselling and therapy.The model is well explained and appears easy to implement. However, there are a number of areas which are more problematic.First, the theoretical context of the scale in terms of other measurements of grief and theories of loss is underdeveloped. In this paper, Machin and Spall do not compare the scale to other measurements of grief and loss. In fact, there exist a number of other models, for example the ‘Inventory of Complicated Grief’ (Prigerson et al 1995), the ‘Grief Measurement Scale’ (Jacobs et al, 1986) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (Barrett and Scott 1989), and it would have been useful to find out how the AAG relates to these earlier attempts at measurement. Does the AAG incorporate insights from earlier scales, for example, or does it offer a new approach? In addition, there could be more discussion of how the scale relates to wider theoretical perspectives on grief. There are a number of theories regarding the process of grief and loss. Dual Process theory, for example, suggests that experiences of loss are determined by two distinct sets of stressors: loss-oriented stressors (concerning the deceased person and appraisals of what loss means for example) and restoration-oriented stressors (these concern how people deal with the changes that grief brings about, for example rebuilding a sense of self). Dual process theory further suggests that the two sets cannot be processed at once, and that the person suffering the loss oscillates between one or the other. Attachment theory, on the other hand, describes grief and loss in terms of ‘styles’ of attachment which are learned in early childhood and determine responses to grief. The way in which the child relates to the attachment figure (usually the mother) shapes the way in w hich that person handles subsequent experience of loss and separation (Worden 2009). Elsewhere, Machin has provided a useful further elaboration of the scale (Machin 2005) where the three sub-categories of the scale (in their earlier version ‘overwhelmed’, ‘resilient’ and ‘controlled’ are clearly explained first in terms of how each translates into client assumptions and responses to loss, and second how they translate into other theoretical models. For example, Machin explains (2005), in terms of Ainsworth et al’s (1978) ‘attachment style’ theory, overwhelmed becomes ‘anxious / ambivalent attachment’ and in terms of the dual process model (Stroebe and Schut 1999), overwhelmed translates into ‘loss orientation’. In the current paper it would have been useful to have information of this nature. In addition, the paper lacks any discussion of first the relationship between the three sub-scales (overwhelmed, balanced, controlled), and second which of the three positions represents the best position for the client. It becomes clear during the study that a ‘balanced’ perspective is best for the client, however this is not elaborated, nor backed up with any theoretical discussion of responses to grief, of the sort which occurs in Machin’s earlier paper (2005). Curiously, the authors do, however, take such a perspective on what seems a less intuitive question – what happens if bias is towards ‘balance’ and equally distributed towards ‘overwhelmed’ and controlledHere there is an attempt to tie the model to theory, but discussion is scant, and a more detailed theoretical perspective would have been welcome. Another interesting point about the study is the way it combines qualitative and quantitative research. These are often treated as distinct methods of data collection, with quantitative research taking a scientific perspective, testing hypotheses and collecting numbers, and qualitative research concerned to look at subjective experience in greater depth and through text and words (Babbie 2010). However, they are increasingly used to complement each other in a ‘mixed methods’ approach. Such an approach can allow more innovative linking between results, creative design and allow for a problem-focused approach (Denscombe 2007). In this study, Machin and Spall certainly demonstrate a creative approach and one rooted in problem solving, as they use the quantitative data to identify areas of concern for individual clients and feed into subsequent therapy sessions. However, it can be asked whether they fully utilise quantitative techniques. They certainly collect numerical da ta from respondents, however there is no statistical analysis of results to show general patterns, for example looking at mean scores for responses or similar. Additionally, quantitative data is most usually gathered to test a hypothesis or explore research questions (Polgar and Thomas 2008), and there is no clear setting out of hypotheses here. In addition, there are questions about sampling. While there is no one method of generating the ‘correct’ sample size, there is a general idea that at least 30 respondents should be included to generate statistically significant results (Denscombe 2007). This study uses only 15 respondents. In addition, there are questions about the method by which the respondents interviewed (the ‘sample’) were selected. The aim in research is to provide information about a general population (Rubin and Babbie 2009); in this case, adults who have suffered bereavement or loss. In order that results can be generalised from the peopl e included in the study to the overall population of interest, the sample selection should be free from bias and representative of the larger population (Rubin and Babbie 2009). However, in this study, the respondents were all selected through the ‘Older Adults Speciality’, which might have introduced bias, for example if they were from a particular geographical location, from a particular ethnic group, if they happened to be people who responded in a particular way to interviews or to counselling for example. A final point is that it might have been useful to have more information about the respondents who took part in the study. While the paper develops a model for practice, it does not look at the way the participants responded to the six-stage process. Did the process help them deal with their grief for example The results of administering the measurement scale after the therapeutic process would have provided insight into whether the model is effective for helping patients deal with grief and loss. 3. Conclusion The above discussion has looked at a paper by Machin and Spall (2004). This is an interesting and ambitious attempt to marry quantitative and qualitative approaches to research in order to test and extend a measurement scale for grief. The authors develop a seemingly useful model for practical use by counsellors and therapists. However, there are seemingly some problems with the study, for example the lack of integration with theory, and problems with the study’s methodology. 4. References Ainsworth, M, Blehar, M, Waters, E, and Wall, S (1978) Patterns of Attachment. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ Babbie, E R (2010) The Practice of Social Research (12th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Barrett, T W and Scott, T B (1989) ‘Development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire’, Suicide Life Threat Behav, 19:201-215. Denscombe, M (2007) The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects (3rd edn.), McGraw-Hill International, Maidenhead, Berks. Jacobs, S C, Kasl, S V, Osfeld, A, Berkman, L And Charpentier, P (1986) ‘The measurement of grief: age and sex variation’, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59, 305-310. Machin, L (2001) ‘Exploring a framework for understanding the range of responses to loss; a study of clients receiving bereavement counselling’, Unpublished PhD thesis, Keele University, UK. Machin, L, and Spall, B (2004) ‘Mapping grief: a study in practice using a quantitative and qualitiative approach to exploring and addressing the range of responses to loss’, Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 4:1, 9-17. Machin, L (2005). The adult attitude to grief scale: A method for mapping grief. [online] Retrieved 25/02/11, The 7th International Conference on Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society, from http://www.crusebereavementcare.org.uk/intlconf/pdfs/Machin,%20Linda.pdf Polgar, S and Thomas, S A (2008) Introduction to research in the health sciences (5th edn.) Churchill-Livingston, Edinburgh Prigerson, H G, Maciejewski, P K, Reynolds, C F, Bierhals, A J, Newsom, J T, Fasiczkaa, A, Frank, E, Doman, J, and Miller, M (1995) ‘Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss’, Psychiatry Research, 59:1-2, 65-79. Rubin, A and Babbie, E R (2009) Essential Research Methods for Social Work (2nd edn) Cengage Learning, 2009 Belmont CA Stroebe, M and Schut, H (1999) ‘The Dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description’, Death studies, 23,197-224 Worden, J W (2009) Grief counseling and grief therapy: a handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th edn.), Springer Publishing Company, New York. How to cite Psychology Essay: Critical Evaluation of Machin and Spall (2004), Essay examples

Private and Public Speech for Vygotsky-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrivate and Public Speech for Vygotsky. Answer: Vygotsky recognizes language as one of the most important tool that helps in cognitive development. Vygotsky proposed use of the language to equip child with thinking strategies since it is linked with culture and thought. Though language and though are initially separate system, the two merges when child is three years old thus producing verbal thought1. Private speech refers to the speech spoken by the child between age of 1 to 7 to oneself for communication. The children are known speak to themselves that help them gain cognitive and communication skills as they develop. The importance of egocentric speech is that it helps child to monitor, plan, regulate and develop self-guidance skills1. Vygotsky reported positive correlation between the childs private and public speech and their task performance and achievement. However, the private speech diminishes as the child grows1. Factors which influence childrens emotional and psychological development Environmental risk factors Emotional and psychological development of a child is highly influenced by environmental risk factors which in most cases cannot be avoided. Such factors include; living in an unsafe community-this is a community where the child is exposed to risks such as criminal activities, drug abuse and even early exposure to sexual activities such an environment impacts negatively on the growth of a child. For example, in the case of criminal activities the child grows up knowing that criminal offenses are normal in any set up and they are likely to pick up such behaviours. They eventually end up with an emotional and psychological perspective of picking up such characters and they appear normal to them[1]. With drug abuse, once exposed early to such activities the child ends up abusing drugs as well and its evident that drugs such as bhang makes a child to fail in controlling their emotions and they also get affected psychologically. With a low quality child care set up children are left on th eir own with less moral guidance from their seniors and they pick up characters such as theft, use of abusive language and exposure to sexual acts which are unknown to their parents and in most cases are detrimental to their psychological and emotional development. Family risk factors; these may include maternal depression which directly affects a childs character. Children tend to learn and pick characters from their mothers and in the event that a mother is under repeated cycles of depression the child is likely to grow up depressed as well. Such children often fail to develop emotional attachment to those around them since they develop a feeling of betrayal by those causing their mother depression. A depressed child does not function well emotionally. They find it hard to put their emotions in check and cannot tackle issues in the right way. Growing up with a depressed mother may cause a child suicidal thoughts since they grow up not seeing their mothers happy most of the times[2]. This in the end damages them psychologically. With parental substance abuse, such as alcohol abuse, the child is exposed to an environment in which they grow up not seeing their parents functioning well. In a substance abuse environment there are often cases of fights between parents, negligence of parental duties such as food and medical care. In such a setup, the child ends up learning things on their own, taking up responsibilities from tender ages and so they miss out on being children like their peers. Its very hard for a child to get the right emotional and psychological development because such environments are always full of violence among parents and sexual abuse as well. With family violence either from parents or elderly siblings, the childs emotional development is affected in a big way. Violent family results to the child living in fear not really knowing what to expect next. They also end up losing love and trust from the abusive or violent family member[3]. The child will grow up with the notion that thats how the society is meant to be and so to them violent is normal. Such children end up being violent even when grown up and take this behaviour to their families. It ends up being a vicious cycle from generation to generation. Family poverty implies that the child may grow up lacking some of the basic needs and even luxuries that other children in the society enjoy. Such an environment impacts negatively on the emotional development of the child. The child grows up feeling of less importance in the society compared to other children in the society that are not affected by poverty. Within child risk factors; these are the characters of the child such as fussy temperament which in most cases makes the child unable to deal and control their emotions. Such children are quick to react to issues and in most cases they pick up violent characters[4]. Developmental delay causes a child to act less of their age, they find it hard to do tasks that their peers do with a lot of ease. This affects their emotional and psychological development as they always feel left out. Developmental delay is more evident in serious health cases such as autistic children whose mental development is often delayed leading to them being incapacitated in many ways and they cannot interact with their peers well. Three factors, which enhance the development of self-esteem and self-identity Many factors often influence the development of self-esteem and identity in individuals. In children society, media and family and friends are the key factors that can either build or bring them down. Society-pressure from society contributes a lot to low self-esteem because children are pressured to live and dress in a certain way and have only certain jobs when they grow up. Such pressures weigh on children leading to emotional despair. Media-children are obsessed with media which undermines emotional development in a healthy way. With ready access to social media, children are influenced to look and act like celebrities and public figures. It thus becomes overwhelming for children who are struggling with identity issues[5]. Friends and family-these are the people a child spends most of their times with and thus influence their self-esteem. Friends can assist one to develop their self-image or bring them down. To build them up, some people humiliate others with or without an awareness of the impacts of their actions. A profound effect on ones self esteem is gotten from the family they grow up with or come home to on a daily basis. A family that works in unity by building each other up contributes to healthy esteem in the young ones growing amidst them. Developmental tasks linked to the core principles of child development Childrens development is multidimensional A child is expected to grow in all spheres of life so as to achieve the roles of growth in life. One action in the developmental stages is likely to affect the child in multiple ways. Once a child has been successfully trained in the early stages of development the rest becomes gravy and falls in place automatically[6]. It entails biological dimensions where a child receives comfort while upset from their mother, cognitive dimensions that may involve changes in a childs language and intelligence and socio-emotional dimensions which involves changes in how a child relates with others as they grow. Childrens development occurs in a predictable sequence A child develops in a way that is quite predictable provided they do not have medical complications[7]. Any normal chills will go through a series of steps from one stage to adult hood without skipping any process. They may start of by learning things from their caregivers, develop murmurs and slowly speak up word by word. In normally developing children some things are taken as child development milestones. Such observations predate written language and spoken language[8]. For as long as children have been in existence, adults have observed children developing in some sequential ways and no stage is skipped. Childrens development depends on the interplay between genes and environment From science its evident that environment and genes play important roles in a childs development. They shape human development in a huge way[9]. There is a misconception that genes are set in stones but research indicates that the early experiences determine the expression of genes and how they are turned on and off and the expression of some. For healthy development of all body organs in a child including brains the extent of how genes are activated to perform certain roles matters a lot. The early life experiences by children play important roles in the brain development[10]. Care givers should therefore ensure that children have good growth promoting early life expediencies so as to boost their ability of becoming healthy and productive members in their societies[11]. Bibliography Brownell, Kopp, Socioemotional development in the toddler years (2010). 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Psychological Science 287 Plomin, Commentary: Missing heritability, polygenic scores, and geneenvironment correlation (2013). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1147 Rueda Rothbart The influence of temperament on the development of coping: The role of maturation and experience (2009). New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 19.