Private and Public Speech for Vygotsky-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrivate and Public Speech for Vygotsky. Answer: Vygotsky recognizes language as one of the most important tool that helps in cognitive development. Vygotsky proposed use of the language to equip child with thinking strategies since it is linked with culture and thought. Though language and though are initially separate system, the two merges when child is three years old thus producing verbal thought1. Private speech refers to the speech spoken by the child between age of 1 to 7 to oneself for communication. The children are known speak to themselves that help them gain cognitive and communication skills as they develop. The importance of egocentric speech is that it helps child to monitor, plan, regulate and develop self-guidance skills1. Vygotsky reported positive correlation between the childs private and public speech and their task performance and achievement. However, the private speech diminishes as the child grows1. Factors which influence childrens emotional and psychological development Environmental risk factors Emotional and psychological development of a child is highly influenced by environmental risk factors which in most cases cannot be avoided. Such factors include; living in an unsafe community-this is a community where the child is exposed to risks such as criminal activities, drug abuse and even early exposure to sexual activities such an environment impacts negatively on the growth of a child. For example, in the case of criminal activities the child grows up knowing that criminal offenses are normal in any set up and they are likely to pick up such behaviours. They eventually end up with an emotional and psychological perspective of picking up such characters and they appear normal to them[1]. With drug abuse, once exposed early to such activities the child ends up abusing drugs as well and its evident that drugs such as bhang makes a child to fail in controlling their emotions and they also get affected psychologically. With a low quality child care set up children are left on th eir own with less moral guidance from their seniors and they pick up characters such as theft, use of abusive language and exposure to sexual acts which are unknown to their parents and in most cases are detrimental to their psychological and emotional development. Family risk factors; these may include maternal depression which directly affects a childs character. Children tend to learn and pick characters from their mothers and in the event that a mother is under repeated cycles of depression the child is likely to grow up depressed as well. Such children often fail to develop emotional attachment to those around them since they develop a feeling of betrayal by those causing their mother depression. A depressed child does not function well emotionally. They find it hard to put their emotions in check and cannot tackle issues in the right way. Growing up with a depressed mother may cause a child suicidal thoughts since they grow up not seeing their mothers happy most of the times[2]. This in the end damages them psychologically. With parental substance abuse, such as alcohol abuse, the child is exposed to an environment in which they grow up not seeing their parents functioning well. In a substance abuse environment there are often cases of fights between parents, negligence of parental duties such as food and medical care. In such a setup, the child ends up learning things on their own, taking up responsibilities from tender ages and so they miss out on being children like their peers. Its very hard for a child to get the right emotional and psychological development because such environments are always full of violence among parents and sexual abuse as well. With family violence either from parents or elderly siblings, the childs emotional development is affected in a big way. Violent family results to the child living in fear not really knowing what to expect next. They also end up losing love and trust from the abusive or violent family member[3]. The child will grow up with the notion that thats how the society is meant to be and so to them violent is normal. Such children end up being violent even when grown up and take this behaviour to their families. It ends up being a vicious cycle from generation to generation. Family poverty implies that the child may grow up lacking some of the basic needs and even luxuries that other children in the society enjoy. Such an environment impacts negatively on the emotional development of the child. The child grows up feeling of less importance in the society compared to other children in the society that are not affected by poverty. Within child risk factors; these are the characters of the child such as fussy temperament which in most cases makes the child unable to deal and control their emotions. Such children are quick to react to issues and in most cases they pick up violent characters[4]. Developmental delay causes a child to act less of their age, they find it hard to do tasks that their peers do with a lot of ease. This affects their emotional and psychological development as they always feel left out. Developmental delay is more evident in serious health cases such as autistic children whose mental development is often delayed leading to them being incapacitated in many ways and they cannot interact with their peers well. Three factors, which enhance the development of self-esteem and self-identity Many factors often influence the development of self-esteem and identity in individuals. In children society, media and family and friends are the key factors that can either build or bring them down. Society-pressure from society contributes a lot to low self-esteem because children are pressured to live and dress in a certain way and have only certain jobs when they grow up. Such pressures weigh on children leading to emotional despair. Media-children are obsessed with media which undermines emotional development in a healthy way. With ready access to social media, children are influenced to look and act like celebrities and public figures. It thus becomes overwhelming for children who are struggling with identity issues[5]. Friends and family-these are the people a child spends most of their times with and thus influence their self-esteem. Friends can assist one to develop their self-image or bring them down. To build them up, some people humiliate others with or without an awareness of the impacts of their actions. A profound effect on ones self esteem is gotten from the family they grow up with or come home to on a daily basis. A family that works in unity by building each other up contributes to healthy esteem in the young ones growing amidst them. Developmental tasks linked to the core principles of child development Childrens development is multidimensional A child is expected to grow in all spheres of life so as to achieve the roles of growth in life. One action in the developmental stages is likely to affect the child in multiple ways. Once a child has been successfully trained in the early stages of development the rest becomes gravy and falls in place automatically[6]. It entails biological dimensions where a child receives comfort while upset from their mother, cognitive dimensions that may involve changes in a childs language and intelligence and socio-emotional dimensions which involves changes in how a child relates with others as they grow. Childrens development occurs in a predictable sequence A child develops in a way that is quite predictable provided they do not have medical complications[7]. Any normal chills will go through a series of steps from one stage to adult hood without skipping any process. They may start of by learning things from their caregivers, develop murmurs and slowly speak up word by word. In normally developing children some things are taken as child development milestones. Such observations predate written language and spoken language[8]. For as long as children have been in existence, adults have observed children developing in some sequential ways and no stage is skipped. Childrens development depends on the interplay between genes and environment From science its evident that environment and genes play important roles in a childs development. They shape human development in a huge way[9]. There is a misconception that genes are set in stones but research indicates that the early experiences determine the expression of genes and how they are turned on and off and the expression of some. For healthy development of all body organs in a child including brains the extent of how genes are activated to perform certain roles matters a lot. The early life experiences by children play important roles in the brain development[10]. Care givers should therefore ensure that children have good growth promoting early life expediencies so as to boost their ability of becoming healthy and productive members in their societies[11]. Bibliography Brownell, Kopp, Socioemotional development in the toddler years (2010). Burke, "Self-esteem: Why?; Why not?", (2008) Homiletic and Pastoral Review, New York. Ferguson, Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behavior: A meta-analytic review from an evolutionary perspective (2010). The Journal of Social Psychology, 160 KENPRO, Child Development Theories (2010). KENPRO Online Papers Portal. Available online at www.kenpro.org/papers King, Keyes, Malone, Elkins, Legrand, Iacono and McGue, Parental alcohol dependence and the transmission of adolescent behavioral disinhibition: a study of adoptive and non?adoptive families (2009). Addiction, 578 Kochanska, Aksan and Joy, Childrens fearfulness as a moderator of parenting in early socialization: Two longitudinal studies. (2007). Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 222237. Maslow, Motivation and personality (1970). 2nd ed. New York: Harper ow, Publishers. Olson, Russell, Fazio, and Anthony Hermann. Reporting Tendencies Underlie Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Measures of Self-Esteem (2007). Psychological Science 287 Plomin, Commentary: Missing heritability, polygenic scores, and geneenvironment correlation (2013). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1147 Rueda Rothbart The influence of temperament on the development of coping: The role of maturation and experience (2009). New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 19.

True Virtue vs. False Virtue free essay sample

Virtue, by definition, is moral excellence, goodness, and righteousness. Virtue pertains to the conformity of moral and ethical conduct in one’s life. Every person expresses virtue constantly in their day to day lives. Although the meaning of virtue seems simple enough, Socrates, in his first argument in the Phaedo, breaks it down into two different categories: false virtue and true virtue. The distinctions between these two different types of virtue can be identified purely by looking at the motives and practices of the person carrying out the virtuous action. The first part of Socrates’ argument suggests that philosophers practice separating soul from body. Those who practice separating soul from body aren’t greedy for material things and therefore they aren’t dependent on them. Material things can be described as not only concrete objects, but also as praise or judgment from others. Socrates suggests that those who are involved in the separation of their physical bodies from their spiritual souls base their actions purely on non-cowardice motives. We will write a custom essay sample on True Virtue vs. False Virtue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He proposes that the separation of soul from body is the basis for all authentic virtue. The material world fades away a little bit in the separation process, and eventually goodness will be the only desire and motive for every action. To take this thought even further, Socrates presents the idea that separation of soul from body, which is true virtue and goodly living, is death. He quotes, â€Å"those occupied correctly in philosophy really do practice dying, and death is less frightening for them than for anyone else†¦ what each of them desire is to have his soul alone by itself, [so] wouldn’t it be most unreasonable if they were afraid and upset about getting what they desired?† Philosophers who practice death also practice true virtue because they are not afraid of consequence; instead they stay virtuous only for goodness’ sake. An example of true virtue can be seen in the Parable of the Good Samaritan. This is a story that Jesus told in the New Testament about a man who was injured and dying on the side of the road. Several people had walked by this man without helping him for whatever their various reasons. Eventually, a Samaritan man, who is thought to be the least likely person to help, came along and cared for the fallen man, took him to an inn, and paid for him to be taken care of. Because the Samaritan did not have any terrible consequences whether he helped the man out or not, we can trace his motives back to pure good. The Samaritan had no other reasons behind his authentic virtuous act of kindness besides that of following his search for greater good. Finally, because this virtuous act can be contributed to goodly living, we can understand that the Good Samaritan was practicing death. Goodly living and the disconnection from worldly things is true virtue, but what is false virtue? This can simply be described as doing the right things for the wrong reasons. You can be courageous, temperate, and faithful out of cowardice, but that is not authentic virtue. Those who exercise false virtue have their hearts set on worldly, material things, whether it is concrete rewards or praises, or even the lack thereof, from others. They make judgment calls based on cowardice and fear. In Jesus’ Parable of the Good Samaritan, it is assumed that the injured man on the side of the road is a Jew. It is also understood that Jews and Samaritans do not get along and therefore refrain from interacting with one another. Although the Samaritan man was kind and helped out the presumably Jewish man on the road, that does not represent the actions of the rest of the Samaritans. As the parable goes, several people travel past the fallen man without helping him out. These people are all shown to exercise false virtue for one of two reasons. The first reason would be because they, too, are Samaritans but they are too prideful and afraid of judgment from others to help out the man. The second reason would be that those travelers are Jews, alike to the fallen man, and are too unwilling to help the man out for fear of touching â€Å"unclean† things and then reaping the consequences thereof. Either way, they would be practicing false virtue because they were acting out of cowardice and fear. Because they were acting for those reasons, they were not practicing death and were not separating their souls from their bodies. The state of virtue can be determined by the motives behind the person’s actions. Virtue, meaning righteousness and morality, can be true or false. Those who are not true philosophers, who do not separate their souls from their bodies, are exercisers of false virtue. They do the things they do because they are timid and weak in their confidence. True virtue is acted upon by people who know death and therefore are not afraid of consequences or criticism. True philosophers practice authentic virtue.

Nursing College Application Essay Samples - How to Use Them to Help Improve Your Chances of Getting a Nursing Degree

Nursing College Application Essay Samples - How to Use Them to Help Improve Your Chances of Getting a Nursing DegreeIt is very easy to get a college degree, especially if you have the financial wherewithal to attend. There are many things that can be done in order to expedite this process as well as make it a much more attractive option.One of the best places to look for nursing college application essay samples is on the internet. This is due to the fact that you can apply for jobs and they will often pay a commission to companies that will submit your resume and cover letter to a number of different job openings. This can make the job search much easier as well as saving you time.The best thing about finding good college application essay samples on the internet is that you will find some that are free. You can take advantage of this and you will find that there are some that are literally free. Many online nursing colleges offer essays for free and many will even offer sample cove r letters for free. This is something that many people would love to have and it will help you if you know how to find them.It is also a good idea to look at local colleges as well. You can go online and check out the ones in your area and see what they are offering.You can usually go to your local library and take advantage of their online resources and you can easily find some nursing college application essay samples on the internet that you can use as a part of your college application essay. They are often given out by colleges as a freebie when you apply and many times you will get a free college credit card as well.Sometimes you can find online nursing college application essay samples at various places on the internet and this is an excellent way to find some free samples. You should take advantage of this because you can really make sure that you have a good set of essays to use as part of your college application essay.With the number of job opportunities that are availabl e in the field of nursing, it is a very smart idea to use these college application essay samples. It is an option that can make it a much more attractive and easy process.

Free Essays on Analysis Of “A Good Man Is Hard To Find“

Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† The short story by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, is about a family that takes a vacation to Florida and somehow along the way manages to get murdered by a man who calls himself â€Å"The Misfit†, and two of his friends. Flannery O’Connor’s story has many important elements, but what makes this story special is the combined use of character development and irony. The short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor was written in 1955 during a time when most people in small communities were very religious and followed the Christian faith very strictly. In the story, the grandmother and The Misfit briefly discuss religion, particularly about Jesus and the miracle of resurrection from the dead. O’Connor’s use of this religious belief appeals to the audience of the 1950’s in a way that puzzles the reader and creates a mysterious wonder of uncertainty for the antagonist of the story. With this character development, the grandmother makes a certain ironic mistake that causes The Misfit to think about the terrible things he has done. In the story The Misfit said, â€Å"Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead,† The Misfit continued, â€Å"and He shouldn’t have done it. He thown everything off balance. If He did what He said, then its nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then its nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the Wagers 2 best way you can- by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. The grandmother made the terrible mistake and said, â€Å"Maybe He didn’t raise the dead.† She sparks a fire of resentment and anger The Misfit has for all the bad things he has done. When he said, â€Å"I wasn’t there so I can’t say He didn’t.† The Misfit shows an emotional dought that maybe everything he ... Free Essays on Analysis Of â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Free Essays on Analysis Of â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† The short story by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, is about a family that takes a vacation to Florida and somehow along the way manages to get murdered by a man who calls himself â€Å"The Misfit†, and two of his friends. Flannery O’Connor’s story has many important elements, but what makes this story special is the combined use of character development and irony. The short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor was written in 1955 during a time when most people in small communities were very religious and followed the Christian faith very strictly. In the story, the grandmother and The Misfit briefly discuss religion, particularly about Jesus and the miracle of resurrection from the dead. O’Connor’s use of this religious belief appeals to the audience of the 1950’s in a way that puzzles the reader and creates a mysterious wonder of uncertainty for the antagonist of the story. With this character development, the grandmother makes a certain ironic mistake that causes The Misfit to think about the terrible things he has done. In the story The Misfit said, â€Å"Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead,† The Misfit continued, â€Å"and He shouldn’t have done it. He thown everything off balance. If He did what He said, then its nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then its nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the Wagers 2 best way you can- by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. The grandmother made the terrible mistake and said, â€Å"Maybe He didn’t raise the dead.† She sparks a fire of resentment and anger The Misfit has for all the bad things he has done. When he said, â€Å"I wasn’t there so I can’t say He didn’t.† The Misfit shows an emotional dought that maybe everything he ...

Pressure Definition and Examples (Science)

Pressure Definition and Examples (Science) Pressure is defined as a measure of the force applied over a unit area. Pressure is often expressed in units of Pascals (Pa), newtons per square meter (N/m2 or kg/m ·s2), or pounds per square inch. Other units include the atmosphere (atm), torr, bar, and meters sea water (msw). In equations, pressure is denoted by the capital letter P or the lowercase letter p. Pressure is a derived unit, generally expressed according to the units of the equation: P F / A where P is pressure, F is force, and A is area Pressure is a scalar quantity. meaning it has a magnitude, but not a direction. This may seem confusing since its usually obvious the force has direction. It may help to consider pressure of a gas in a balloon. There is no obvious direction of the movement of particles in a gas. In fact, they move in all directions such that that the net effect appears random. If a gas is enclosed in a balloon, pressure is detected as some of the molecules collide with the surface of the balloon. No matter where on the surface you measure the pressure, it will be the same. Usually, pressure is a positive value. However, negative pressure is possible. Simple Example of Pressure A simple example of pressure may be seen by holding a knife to a piece of fruit. If you hold the flat part of the knife against the fruit, it wont cut the surface. The force is spread out of a large area (low pressure). If you turn the blade so the cutting edge is pressed into the fruit, the same force is applied over a much smaller surface area (vastly increased pressure), so the surface cuts easily.

Service Operations Management for Aviation Essay

Service Operations Management for Aviation - Essay Example Virgin Atlantic services desing is based around mass customization of customer service where the needs of customer and expectation are meet. This is achieved through having different services for different customers so that the customer can choose the kind of service they intent to have. In this case, the customers can choose to fly in one of the three classes which include the business, economy and the upper class. The service design in virgin is also created around the standardisation of the service. This is achieved through the training of staff in order to have a standard of service as they face the customers. This attitude towards service design is both advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage is the fact that the members of staff are more likely to make any mistakes as they relate the customers (Woods, Hebron & Bradley, 2001). However, as Khosrowpour (2006) argues, when the service is standardised, the staff know exactly what to do and when to do it and this helps in ma king sure that the staff are not likely to do something that may harm the brand of the firm. At the same time, it helps the customers to know what to expect and this reduces the number of inconveniences. There are negatives however, and these include the fact that such a service may seem to be too robotic for the customers (Barlow, 2003). In fact, customers in many cases have complained due to this kind of service where the service members of staff are not able to act spontaneously when dealing with the customers but instead follow too strict procedures. This affects the quality of service especially for customers who would prefer to have a less formal and less robotized customer service. Virgin Atlantic operates in some of the markets where customers demand the best service. One of these markets is he American and European market where customer service quality is highly demanded. Apart from the fact that customers from these two markets demand he best customer service, the market i s also a high competition market, with so many airlines operating in the market (Heracleous, 2008). This competition means that the firms in the market have to be innovative in order to give the customers the best quality service while at the same time reducing costs (Truxal, 2013). This is a challenge for businesses like Virgin Atlantic because there delivering high quality leads to higher costs. Other issues of irregular demand are also important in affecting the way the firm is able to delver high quality services. Like many airlines, the firm has found a way to increase its customer base by increasing customer experience. This is done across the three flight classes. Virgin Atlantic has a department for service design that is dedicated to designing service models which will help the firm in giving the customer the best service. The department is given the mandate to design customer service experience with regard to the cabin crew and other staff who meet the customer face to fac e. It is also mandated with helping the firm to design internal systems in order to give the customer the best feel while flying. This department, in particular is mandated to achieve the following; Pre-flight customer experience design This includes the booking systems, check in systems, and customer service at the airport. Like many airlines, Virgin Atlantic has tied as much as possible to make flight booking easy and to make the check in process easy. This has also been aided by the fact that

Management & Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management & Organisation - Essay Example The desire to function is motivation. Motivation refers to psychological aspects that have the ability to arouse in an individual the literal desire to achieve set goals besides sustaining, controlling, and eliciting specific goal-oriented behaviors (Kleinbeck, et. al., 2013). According to Miner (2012), Motivation plays three significant functions; assisting employees to understand their behavior, assisting managers to build and manage an effective motivation system, and provides conceptual tools for identification and analysis of various motivation problems. The following are some of the aspects of motivation within an organization. Discussions Needs Theories Indisputably, motivation revolves around behaviors and needs. Since motivation aims at the needs of the employees, various need theories towards motivation have been proposed. Examples of such needs theories include Murray’s theory of Human Personality, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, McClelland’s Achievement Motivation theory, and Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theories. Kleinbeck, et. al. (2013) add that within the contemporary environment there have been classifications that include cognitive and behavioral theories. Theories in these categories include expectancy, equity, goal setting, and behavior modification theories. Murray’s theory of human personality focuses on two forms of needs; physical and psychological. In this theory, both physical and psychological needs are a link connecting stimulus and employee’s reaction to the same (Kunitz, 2011). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory on the other hand focuses on five basic groups of necessities or basic needs. Maslow believes that these needs are so basic that every employee is motivated to achieve them (Kunitz, 2011). The needs include physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. E.R.G. theory focuses on three groups of needs; existence, relatedness, and growth. The need for achievement, p ower, and affiliation form the epicenter of McClelland’s achievement motivation theory (Kunitz, 2011). Lastly, Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theory focuses on the satisfiers and dissatisfies. In this theory the motivators include achievement, recognition, and specific work (Miner, 2012). Hygiene factors play a significant role in motivating employees. Expectancy/Goals Theories Expectancy or goal theories define how to motivate the employees. However, it is important to note that expectancy/goals theories are more sophisticated (Kunitz, 2011). Evidently employees are motivated if they expect they can achieve their goals that attract both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.